ATHEROSCLEROSIS & ARTERIOSCLEROSIS

#1 GLOBAL CAUSE OF DEATH: CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE

Atherosclerosis is a chronic, progressive pathology of the arterial vasculature, characterised by the deposition of lipid-rich substances—most notably cholesterol-containing plaques—within the intimal layer of arterial walls. This pathological process leads to a gradual reduction of the luminal diameter, resulting in compromised blood flow and tissue perfusion.

As the disease advances, continued plaque accumulation induces arterial stiffening and loss of vascular elasticity, thereby contributing to the development of systemic hypertension and increasing cardiovascular workload. Plaque instability or rupture may result in thrombus formation, posing a significant risk of acute ischaemic events, including myocardial infarction and cerebrovascular stroke.

In specific patient populations—particularly individuals diagnosed with familial hypercholesterolaemia (heterozygous or homozygous forms) and those with diabetes mellitus—the atherosclerotic process progresses at an accelerated rate in comparison to the general population. Moreover, lifestyle-related risk factors, including dietary habits, physical inactivity, and tobacco use, have been identified as critical modifiers influencing the severity and progression of the disease.